μ-opioid receptor

Organism	Rat 1, 2; Mouse 3 1. [445] Zhao, H, Loh HH, Law PY. 2006. Adenylyl cyclase superactivation induced by long-term treatment with opioid agonist is dependent on receptor localized within lipid rafts and is independent of receptor internalization. Mol Pharmacol. 69:1421-32. 2. [446] Zheng, H, Chu J, Qiu Y, Loh HH, Law PY. 2008. Agonist-selective signaling is determined by the receptor location within the membrane domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105:9421-6. 3. [390] Levitt, ES, Clark MJ, Jenkins PM, Martens JR, Traynor JR. 2009. Differential effect of membrane cholesterol removal on mu- and delta-opioid receptors: a parallel comparison of acute and chronic signaling to adenylyl cyclase. J Biol Chem. 284:22108-22.
Functional implication	MβCD treatment inhibited receptor internalization and adenylyl cyclase superactivation 1; Agonist etrophine induced receptor movement out of raft 2; MβCD treatment attenuated etrophine- and morphine-meidated adenyly cyclase inhibition and morphine-induced but not etrophine-induced ERK phosphorylation 2 1. a. b. [445] Zhao, H, Loh HH, Law PY. 2006. Adenylyl cyclase superactivation induced by long-term treatment with opioid agonist is dependent on receptor localized within lipid rafts and is independent of receptor internalization. Mol Pharmacol. 69:1421-32. 2. a. b. c. [446] Zheng, H, Chu J, Qiu Y, Loh HH, Law PY. 2008. Agonist-selective signaling is determined by the receptor location within the membrane domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105:9421-6. 3. [390] Levitt, ES, Clark MJ, Jenkins PM, Martens JR, Traynor JR. 2009. Differential effect of membrane cholesterol removal on mu- and delta-opioid receptors: a parallel comparison of acute and chronic signaling to adenylyl cyclase. J Biol Chem. 284:22108-22.
Methods used to detect raft association	Detergent-free 1, 2; Confocal microscopy 2; Detergent-dependent 3 1. a. b. c. [445] Zhao, H, Loh HH, Law PY. 2006. Adenylyl cyclase superactivation induced by long-term treatment with opioid agonist is dependent on receptor localized within lipid rafts and is independent of receptor internalization. Mol Pharmacol. 69:1421-32. 2. a. b. c. d. e. [446] Zheng, H, Chu J, Qiu Y, Loh HH, Law PY. 2008. Agonist-selective signaling is determined by the receptor location within the membrane domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105:9421-6. 3. a. b. [390] Levitt, ES, Clark MJ, Jenkins PM, Martens JR, Traynor JR. 2009. Differential effect of membrane cholesterol removal on mu- and delta-opioid receptors: a parallel comparison of acute and chronic signaling to adenylyl cyclase. J Biol Chem. 284:22108-22.
Mechanism of raft association	n.a 1. a. b. c. [445] Zhao, H, Loh HH, Law PY. 2006. Adenylyl cyclase superactivation induced by long-term treatment with opioid agonist is dependent on receptor localized within lipid rafts and is independent of receptor internalization. Mol Pharmacol. 69:1421-32. 2. a. b. c. d. e. [446] Zheng, H, Chu J, Qiu Y, Loh HH, Law PY. 2008. Agonist-selective signaling is determined by the receptor location within the membrane domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105:9421-6. 3. a. b. [390] Levitt, ES, Clark MJ, Jenkins PM, Martens JR, Traynor JR. 2009. Differential effect of membrane cholesterol removal on mu- and delta-opioid receptors: a parallel comparison of acute and chronic signaling to adenylyl cyclase. J Biol Chem. 284:22108-22.
Caveolin-binding motif	Yes 4 1. a. b. c. [445] Zhao, H, Loh HH, Law PY. 2006. Adenylyl cyclase superactivation induced by long-term treatment with opioid agonist is dependent on receptor localized within lipid rafts and is independent of receptor internalization. Mol Pharmacol. 69:1421-32. 2. a. b. c. d. e. [446] Zheng, H, Chu J, Qiu Y, Loh HH, Law PY. 2008. Agonist-selective signaling is determined by the receptor location within the membrane domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105:9421-6. 3. a. b. [390] Levitt, ES, Clark MJ, Jenkins PM, Martens JR, Traynor JR. 2009. Differential effect of membrane cholesterol removal on mu- and delta-opioid receptors: a parallel comparison of acute and chronic signaling to adenylyl cyclase. J Biol Chem. 284:22108-22. 4. [371] Huang, P, Xu W, Yoon SI, Chen C, Chong PL, Liu-Chen LY. 2007. Cholesterol reduction by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin attenuates the delta opioid receptor-mediated signaling in neuronal cells but enhances it in non-neuronal cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 73:534-49.
Cell type	HEK-293 1, 2, 3 1. a. b. c. d. [445] Zhao, H, Loh HH, Law PY. 2006. Adenylyl cyclase superactivation induced by long-term treatment with opioid agonist is dependent on receptor localized within lipid rafts and is independent of receptor internalization. Mol Pharmacol. 69:1421-32. 2. a. b. c. d. e. f. [446] Zheng, H, Chu J, Qiu Y, Loh HH, Law PY. 2008. Agonist-selective signaling is determined by the receptor location within the membrane domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105:9421-6. 3. a. b. c. [390] Levitt, ES, Clark MJ, Jenkins PM, Martens JR, Traynor JR. 2009. Differential effect of membrane cholesterol removal on mu- and delta-opioid receptors: a parallel comparison of acute and chronic signaling to adenylyl cyclase. J Biol Chem. 284:22108-22. 4. [371] Huang, P, Xu W, Yoon SI, Chen C, Chong PL, Liu-Chen LY. 2007. Cholesterol reduction by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin attenuates the delta opioid receptor-mediated signaling in neuronal cells but enhances it in non-neuronal cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 73:534-49.
Species	Human 1, 2, 3 1. a. b. c. d. e. [445] Zhao, H, Loh HH, Law PY. 2006. Adenylyl cyclase superactivation induced by long-term treatment with opioid agonist is dependent on receptor localized within lipid rafts and is independent of receptor internalization. Mol Pharmacol. 69:1421-32. 2. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. [446] Zheng, H, Chu J, Qiu Y, Loh HH, Law PY. 2008. Agonist-selective signaling is determined by the receptor location within the membrane domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105:9421-6. 3. a. b. c. d. [390] Levitt, ES, Clark MJ, Jenkins PM, Martens JR, Traynor JR. 2009. Differential effect of membrane cholesterol removal on mu- and delta-opioid receptors: a parallel comparison of acute and chronic signaling to adenylyl cyclase. J Biol Chem. 284:22108-22. 4. [371] Huang, P, Xu W, Yoon SI, Chen C, Chong PL, Liu-Chen LY. 2007. Cholesterol reduction by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin attenuates the delta opioid receptor-mediated signaling in neuronal cells but enhances it in non-neuronal cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 73:534-49.
Receptor expression	Stable transfection 1, 2, 3 1. a. b. c. d. e. f. [445] Zhao, H, Loh HH, Law PY. 2006. Adenylyl cyclase superactivation induced by long-term treatment with opioid agonist is dependent on receptor localized within lipid rafts and is independent of receptor internalization. Mol Pharmacol. 69:1421-32. 2. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. [446] Zheng, H, Chu J, Qiu Y, Loh HH, Law PY. 2008. Agonist-selective signaling is determined by the receptor location within the membrane domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105:9421-6. 3. a. b. c. d. e. [390] Levitt, ES, Clark MJ, Jenkins PM, Martens JR, Traynor JR. 2009. Differential effect of membrane cholesterol removal on mu- and delta-opioid receptors: a parallel comparison of acute and chronic signaling to adenylyl cyclase. J Biol Chem. 284:22108-22. 4. [371] Huang, P, Xu W, Yoon SI, Chen C, Chong PL, Liu-Chen LY. 2007. Cholesterol reduction by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin attenuates the delta opioid receptor-mediated signaling in neuronal cells but enhances it in non-neuronal cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 73:534-49.

Refrences

Human 1, 2, 3

1. a. b. c. d. e. [445] Zhao, H, Loh HH, Law PY. 2006. Adenylyl cyclase superactivation induced by long-term treatment with opioid agonist is dependent on receptor localized within lipid rafts and is independent of receptor internalization. Mol Pharmacol. 69:1421-32.
2. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. [446] Zheng, H, Chu J, Qiu Y, Loh HH, Law PY. 2008. Agonist-selective signaling is determined by the receptor location within the membrane domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105:9421-6.
3. a. b. c. d. [390] Levitt, ES, Clark MJ, Jenkins PM, Martens JR, Traynor JR. 2009. Differential effect of membrane cholesterol removal on mu- and delta-opioid receptors: a parallel comparison of acute and chronic signaling to adenylyl cyclase. J Biol Chem. 284:22108-22.
4. [371] Huang, P, Xu W, Yoon SI, Chen C, Chong PL, Liu-Chen LY. 2007. Cholesterol reduction by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin attenuates the delta opioid receptor-mediated signaling in neuronal cells but enhances it in non-neuronal cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 73:534-49.

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μ-opioid receptor